We now show how logic is used to represent knowledge. Tuning pid controllers using artificial intelligence techniques applied to dcmotor and avr system. The simple form of logic is propositional logic, also called boolean logic. Propositional logic 2 in propositional logic, as the name suggests, propositions are connected by logical operators. Propositional logic is used in artificial intelligence for planning, problemsolving, intelligent control and most importantly for decisionmaking. The statement the street is wet is a proposition, as is it is raining. Propositional logic in artificial intelligence javatpoint. Propositional logic in artificial intelligence pdf a proposition or propositional sentence can be formed as follows. Soundness and completeness of resolution in propositional logic 3. Resolution is a rule of inference leading to a refutation theoremtheorem proving technique for statements in propositional logic and first order logic.
These two propositions can be connected to form the new proposition if it is raining the street is wet. Artificial intelligence methods ws 20052006 marc erich latoschik pros and cons of propositional logic opropositional logic is declarative opropositional logic allows partialdisjunctivenegated information unlike most data structures and databases opropositional logic is compositional. Logic has played an important role in the development of artificial intelligence ai. It is a technique of knowledge representation in logical and mathematical form.
Article pdf available january 2014 with 3,041 reads how we measure reads. An answer to the question, how to represent knowledge, requires an analysis to distinguish between knowledge how and knowledge that. Artificial intelligencelogicrepresentationpropositional. Wolfgang ertel introduction to artificial intelligence. This video is about propositional logic in artificial intelligence. Knowledge representation and reasoning logics for arti. Knowledge representation and reasoning logics for arti cial intelligence stuart c. Why propositional logic is the foundation for artificial. The propositional logic, as the first known npcomplete problem coo71, is used for representing many types of conpcomplete and np. Cs w4701 artificial intelligence fall 20 chapter 7. It represents the simplest and most basic kind of logic. The use of the propositional logic has dramatically increased since the development of powerful search algorithms and implementation methods since the later 1990ies.
It is said that there exists a triangular equivalence in theory of computation between fields. Logic and artificial intelligence 35 assumptions about what we take the real world to be and about how our machines interact with that world. Check out artificial intelligence pdf notes download. Tech 3rd year study material, books, lecture notes pdf. Propositional logic isnt powerful enough as a general knowledge representation language. Mathematical logic is especially far from the goal of expressing the heuristics in the same language in which are expressed the facts the heuristics must. Propositional logic, truth tables, and predicate logic. Propositional logic propositional resolution propositional theorem proving unification today were going to talk about resolution, which is a proof strategy.
The discipline of artificial intelligence ai studies the question of how artifacts can. We looked at freges proportional calculus and then we looked at hilbert style. Today the logic enjoys extensive use in several areas of computer science, especially in computeraided veri. While computational mechanics has benefited from, and closely interacted with, the latter branches of computer science, the interaction between computational mechanics and ai is still in its infancy. Propositional logic pl is the simplest form of logic where all the statements are made by propositions.
Tech electronics and communication engineering indian school of mines dhanbad 1. The reader working in artificial intelligence will find a detailed treatment of how the power of logic can be used to solve some of her problems. Lars schmidtthieme, information systems and machine learning lab ismll, university of hildesheim, germany, course on articial intelligence, summer term 2007 166 articial intelligence 1. Automated reasoning is an area of computer science, cognitive science, and mathematical logic dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning. So theoretically minded computer scientists are well informed about logic even when they arent logicians. Knowledge representation issues, predicate logic, rules how do we represent what we know. Introduction to artificial intelligence firstorder logic. It is all about boolean functions and the statements where there are more than just true and false values, includes the certainty as well as uncertainty, it led to the foundation for machine.
I will give a simplified account of this view here. The simple form of logic is propositional logic, also called. Logic and artificial intelligence stanford encyclopedia. If there are n people and m locations, representing the fact that some person moved from one location to another. Pdf tuning pid controllers using artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence encompasses several distinct areas of research each with its own specific interests, research techniques, and terminology. So, for example, you can say its raining and im wet, which is a representation as characters describing an utterance in natural language. Predicate logic in propositional logic, each possible atomic fact requires a separate unique propositional symbol. First order logic and resolution at the level of cs157 there will be two tutorial sections to cover this material the textbook chapters 24 provide adequate background discrete mathematics data structures and algorithms a course in ai knowledge of lisp or prolog. Artificial intelligence methods inference in firstorder logic.
One of the points of logic is that you can reason about statements even when you dont know what those statements mean. First, well look at it in the propositional case, then in the firstorder case. Propositional logic has very limited expressive power. Propositional logic lars schmidtthieme information systems and machine learning lab ismll institute of economics and information systems. Mathematical logic in artificial intelligence 299 the advice taker prospectus, ambitious in 1960, would be considered ambitious even today and is still far from being immediately realizable. We can replace statements, or propositions, with variable names. Theoretical computer science developed out of logic, the theory of computation if this is to be considered a different subject from logic, and some related areas of mathematics. Logical agents jonathan voris based on slides by sal stolfo the big idea humans know stuff we use the stuff we know to help us do things. Propositional logic and its applications in artificial intelligence.
We have philosophy that gives us intuitionistic logic. There is also a welldeveloped technology for reasoning in propositional logic, which we describe in sections 7. Uncertainty in artificial intelligence proceedings 2000 115 stochastic logic programs. These languages generally use predicate logic, a more powerful form of logic that extends the capabilities of propositional logic. It is a common prejudice among many practitioners of artificial intelligence that logic is a merely theoretical device, with limited significance when it comes to tackling practical problems. Mathematical logic in artificial intelligence created date. Cannot say pits cause breezes in adjacent squares except by. Propositional logic, truth tables, and predicate logic rosen, sections 1.
At the end of the last lecture, i talked about doing deduction and propositional logic. In turn, thinking about applications in ai has led to the development of many new and interesting logical systems. Although automated reasoning is considered a subfield of artificial intelligence, it also. Two sentences are logically equivalent if they have the same truth value for every setting of their propositional variables. Earlier notes by rosalie iemho have been used both as a. The study of automated reasoning helps produce computer programs that allow computers to reason completely, or nearly completely, automatically. Lecture 7 software engineering 2 propositional logic the simplest, and most abstract logic we can study is called propositional logic.
Propositional logic artificial intelligence in hindi. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially. It is based, in part, on a discussion of intelligent agent architecture in 12, chapter. Most students will have learnt about propositional logic their. Longitudinal control of an aircraft using artificial. Deepak khemani department of computer science and engineering indian institute of technology, madras module 02 lecture 06 so in the last two classes we saw some direct proof methods.
Abstract artificial intelligence ai is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. At the end of the last lecture, i talked about doing deduction and. Guards the gold and can attack the agent when trying to fetch the gold world is. Syntax propositional logic is the simplest logic illustrates basic ideas the proposition symbols p 1, p 2 etc are sentences if sis a sentence. Propositional logic and predicate logic in ai new technology. A proposition is a declarative statement which is either true or false. Longitudinal control of an aircraft using artificial intelligence s.
1300 378 1583 810 551 1488 1085 1556 757 1060 79 702 1151 1023 1001 16 490 1126 588 1162 1200 398 1315 332 936 1176 1173 43 106 876